Tolkien
changed his scheme of pronouns frequently. The forms I am using
are taken from a late-1960's source, and are Ardalambion's
favorite.
A
pronoun for the subject of the verb can be (but does not need to be)
attached to the end of the verb. Stand-alone pronouns do exist.
-nyë,
-n
I
-lyë,
-l
you (one person, formal/polite)
-tyë
you (one person, informal/familiar)
-ldë
you (a group)
-s,
(rarely -së)
he/she/it /genderless
singular
-ltë
(variant: -ntë)
they (plural)
These
are used only if the subject of the verb is not explicitly stated.
Use
the “short” form (-n, -l, -s) if no other
ending will be added; otherwise use the “long” form.
The
plural pronouns (such as –ldë and –ltë) do not
need the -r plural ending on the verb.
lassë
lanta a
leaf falls lanta
lantas it
falls lanta-
+ -s (it)
lassi
lantar leaves
fall lanta-
+ -r (verb
plural)
lantaltë they
fall lanta-
+ -lte
(they)
Practice – Your Turn
Highlight the shaded boxes to see the answers.
┌───────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│
useful
vocabulary
│
│ mar-
live (at a location) (past tense marnë)
│
│ rista-
cut
(past tense ristanë)│
│ hir–
find
(past tense hirnë)
│
│ not-
count
(past tense nontë)
│
│ cen-
see
(past tense cennë)
│
│ tur-
control,
govern, rule (past tense
turnë) │
│ Alqualondessë
in Alqualondë
│
│ Endórë
Middle-Earth
│
│ sinomë
here, in this place │
│ orva
apple
│
│ mírë
jewel
│
│ cirya
ship
│
└───────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
I live here.
Marin sinomë.
I
saw a dragon in Alqualondë.
Cennën lócë
Alqualondessë.
They
found jewels. Hirneltë
míri.
You
found jewels. (polite) Hirnelyë
míri.
You
found jewels. (informal) Hirnetyë
míri.
He
cut the apples. Ristanës
orvar.
I will rule Middle
Earth!!! Turuvan
Endórë!!!
She is counting ships. Nótas ciryar.
The
pronoun endings -n,
-l,
-s,
-t
could also refer to the object of the verb.
-n me
-l you
(one
person, formal/polite)
-s him/her/it/genderless
singular
-t them
(plural)
The
subject-pronoun would go first, then the object pronoun.
Hantanyel I
thank you. hanta-
+ -nye (I,
subject)+
-l (you,
object)
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