Review Summary for Part 1

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A concise summary of the forms we have learned so far:  

NOUNS:  

The basic plural (“all the ~”, “~ in general”) is formed by adding either -r or -i.

-r after vowel except -ë

-r after -ië

-i replaces -ë

-i after consonant

Possessive Pronouns (when added to the end of nouns)

after   after

vowel   consonant

-nya    -inya    my

-lya    -elya    your (one person, formal/polite)

-tya    -etya    your (one person, informal/familiar)

-lda    -elda    your (a group)

-rya    -erya    his/her/its (This is the “correct” form.)

-lta     elta    their

If the noun is plural, add the plural ending -r after the possessive.  

after    after

vowel    consonant

-nyar    -inyar    my

-lyar    -ilyar    your (one person, formal/polite)

-tyar    -ityar    your (one person, informal/familiar)

-ldar    -ildar    your (a group)

-ryar    -iryar    his/her/its (This is the “correct” form.)

-ltar    -iltar    their

ADJECTIVES:

If the noun is plural, the adjective should also be in the plural:

-a → -ë

-ë → -i

-ëa → -ië

VERBS:

For any verb, add -r to form the plural (unless there is a plural pronoun ending).

Aorist present (timeless truths)

Basic verb: -ë , -i- if any other ending is added

A Stem:   -a

Continuative present (happening now; is ~ing)

Basic Verb: lengthen vowel (add accent), add -a

A Stem:   lengthen vowel, unless it falls before a consonant cluster; replace -a with -ëa

Past Tense

ends in -ë

There are enough exceptions to the patterns that you should look up the past tense for each verb.

Future Tense:

-uva (replaces the -a on A-stem verbs)

Imperative

Add -ë to basic verbs.

Leave A-stem verbs unchanged.

Use á (do it!) or áva (don't!)

Use the same form to address one or several people.

Subject pronouns, when attached to a verb

-nyë, -n               I

-lyë, -l               you (one person, formal/polite)

-tyë                   you (one person, informal/familiar)

-ldë                   you (a group)

-s,  (rarely -së)      he/she/it

-ltë (variant: -ntë)   they( plural)

The plural pronouns do not need -r added to the verb.  

Examples of Verbs

Aorist Present Tense (general meaning; timeless truths)

Alqua matë lingwë.      A swan eats a fish.
Matis lingwë.          It eats a fish.

Alquar matir lingwi.     Swans eat fish.
Matiltë lingwi.         They eat fish.

Lassë lanta.           A leaf falls.
Lantas.               It falls.

Lassi lantar.           Leaves fall.
Lantaltë.             They fall.

Continuative Present Tense (right now)

Alqua máta lingwë.      A swan is eating a fish.

Alquar mátar lingwi.     Swans are eating fish.

Lassë lantëa.          A leaf is falling.

Lassi lantëar.          Leaves are falling.

Past Tense

Alqua mantë lingwë.      A swan ate a fish.
Mantes lingwë.          It ate a fish.

Alquar manter lingwi.     Swans ate fish.
Manteltë lingwi.         They ate fish.

Lassë lantanë.          A leaf fell.
Lantanë.              It fell.

Lassi lantaner.          Leaves fell.
Lantaneltë.            They fell.

Future Tense

Alqua matuva lingwë.      A swan will eat a fish.

Alquar matuvar lingwi.     Swans will eat fish.

Lassë lantuva.            A leaf will fall.

Lassi lantuvar.           Leaves will fall.

Wish

Nai alqua matuva lingwë!     May a swan eat a fish!

Nai alquar matuvar lingwi!    May swans eat fish!

Nai lassë lantuva!          May a leaf fall!

Nai lassi lantuvar!          May leaves fall!

Uncertainty

Cé lassë lanta.       Maybe a leaf falls.

Cé lassë lantanë.     Maybe a leaf fell.

Cé lassë lantuva.     Maybe a leaf will fall.

etc.

Imperative

Á matë lingwë, alqua!        Eat a fish, swan!

Á matë lingwi, alquar!        Eat fish, swans!

Alquar, áva matë lingwi!      Swans, don't eat fish!

Lassë, á lanta!              Leaf, fall!

Á lanta, lassi!              Fall, leaves!

Áva lanta, lassë!            Don't fall, leaf!

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