We have already discussed some pronouns: the pronoun endings for the subject of verbs, and the possessive pronouns.
You
may have noticed that we were missing the words for "we"
and "our." I didn't include those in the first
discussion of pronouns, because there are four forms of “we” in
Quenya. Quenya makes several distinctions that English does
not. In Quenya, "we" which includes the listener(s)
or reader(s) is different from "we" which does not include
the listener(s)/reader(s).
Quenya
pronouns make use of "dual" forms. That is, there
are special "dual" forms for "two people," in
addition to "plural" forms for "more than two people."
Tolkien
changed his system of pronouns quite a bit during his lifetime.
This is one, commonly-used, fairly consistent, system, dating largely
from the late 1960's. You
may encounter other systems.
Here
is a complete list of the pronoun endings for verbs, including "we" and all the dual forms.
Pronoun Endings for Subject of Verbs
-nyë,
-n I
-ngwë we
(2 people)(includes hearer)
-mmë we
(2 people)(excludes hearer)
-lwë,
-lvë we
(more than 2)(includes hearer)
-lmë we
(more than 2)(excludes hearer)
-lyë,
-l you
(one person, formal/polite)
-tyë you
(one person, informal/familiar)
-stë you
(2 people)
-ldë you
(a group, more than 2)
-s,
(rarely -së)
he/she/it
/genderless singular
-ttë
they
(2)
-ltë
they
(more than 2)
Tolkien
mentioned that -ngwë (we,
2 people, includes hearer) could also take the forms -ncë
or
-nquë.
««◊»»
As
mentioned before, the pronoun endings -n,
-l,
-s,
-t
could also refer to the object of the verb.
-n me-l you (one person, formal/polite)
-s him/her/it /genderless singular
-t them (plural)
The subject-pronoun (in long form) goes first, then the object pronoun (in short form).
Hantanyel I
thank you. hanta-
+ -nye (I,
subject)+
-l (you,
object)
««◊»»
Tolkien
mentioned that these pronouns can also be attached to prepositions.
The only examples I know of are for an irregular form. (That is
probably to say that Tolkien didn't make lists of the regular forms.)
ar(a)
outside,
beside, besides
anni
beside
me
armë
beside us
(exclusive)
arwë
beside
us (inclusive)
armet
beside
us (two)
astyë
beside you
(informal)
allë
besides you
(formal)
arsë
beside him/her”
Practice – Your Turn
Now it really is your turn! I know people read this blog. I want to see what you are doing with your Quenya. Post an example in the Comments, or email it to me {lihan_taifun (at) yahoo (dot) com} and I will post it in Comments for you.« Samples « Course Index » Pronouns as Separate Words »
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