Tuesday, April 2, 2013

Noun Case Endings, for All the Plurals

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Here is a concise summary of the case endings.

                                                    Partitive      Basic
Singular     Dual      Plural      Plural
Nominative  (subject)
(basic word) -t, -u    -(i)li      -r, -i

Accusative  (direct object)
(basic word) -t, -u    -(i)li      -r, -i

Dative  ("to", "for", indirect object)
-(e)n        -nt, -uen    -(i)lin     -in

Genitive  ("of", "from", sometimes implies origin)
-o           -to, -uo     -(i)lion    -ron, -ion

Possessive  ("belonging to")
-va, -wa     -twa, -uva   -(i)líva    -va, -wa

Locative  ("on", "in")
-(e)ssë      -tsë, -ussë   -(i)lissen  -(i)ssen

Ablative  ("from", "out of")
-(e)llo      -lto, -ullo   -(i)lillon  -(i)llon

Allative  ("to", "into")
-(e)nna      -nta, -unna   -(i)linnar  -(i)nnar

Instrumental  ("caused by", "done by")
-(e)nen      -nten, -unen  -(i)línen   -inen

Extra Material for the Geeks:

Partative Plural has alternate forms of the case endings: 
Locative:   -(i)lissë or -(i)lissen 
Abblative:   -(i)lillo or -(i)lillon 
Allative: -  -(i)linna or -(i)linnar

Extra Material for the Geeks:

Analysts agree that a noun ending in a consonant needs a vowel added between the end of the noun and the case ending, but they do not always agree whether that vowel should be an -e- or -i-.


Extra Material for the Geeks:

In Quenya as spoken in Middle-Earth, probably since the end of the First Age, V and W were generally pronounced the same (as V).  So the fact that the possessive is spelled -wa after a consonant, but -va after a vowel would be an obscure point of archaic spelling that would make sense only to the handful of people who learned Quenya (archaic, Valinorian Quenya) in their youth in the Blessed Lands.


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