The three “cases” we looked at before marked parts of a sentence. Now we look “cases” for situations that, in English, would use a preposition. (As mentioned in the previous lesson, there are many situations where you could use either a Quenya preposition or a case. Most fluent writers of Quenya use the cases we discuss in this lesson. As a writer, you may use prepositions if you chooses. As a reader of Quenya, you should at least recognize these cases.)
Remember we have used the example “Aldandil marë Alqualondessë. (Aldandil lives in Alqualondë.)” ?
Alqualondessë
in
Alqualondë
In this lesson we explain where "Alqualondessë" came from.
There are six cases we are looking at in this lesson:
Genitive case (“of”, sometimes translates as “from”; indicates origin)
In this lesson we explain where "Alqualondessë" came from.
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There are six cases we are looking at in this lesson:
Genitive case (“of”, sometimes translates as “from”; indicates origin)
the
commands of
Manwë
There are a number of examples where Tolkien uses Genitive case as the more general sense of “of” -- “associated with.”
Possessive case (“of”, belonging to)
The boundary between Possessive and Genitive is not always clear. Probably Possessive has the more limited meaning (“belonging to”), and Genitive is used for most other situations.
Locative case (“in”, “on”)
Ablative case (“from”, “out of”)
Allative case (“to”, “into”, “toward”)
Also used idiomatically for “upon” the waves
Instrumental case (“because of”, “using”; indicates the reason or agent which causes)
These (plus nominative, accusative, and genitive discussed earlier) are all the cases Quenya has. There are no more lurking in the wings.
Sometimes the Quenya cases make distinctions that are blurred in English.
“the books of Dickens” that he wrote → origin, genitive
“the books of Dickens” sitting on his bookshelf → possessive
“Manwë's orders” (given by him) → origin, genitive
“Eonwë's orders” (given to him) → possessive
“a song from Alqualondë" → origin, genitive
"We sailed from Alqualondë" → travel from, ablative
"This is a song in Númenor."
if you mean:
This is a song from Númenor. → origin, genitive
The song is physically located in Númenor. → locative
In Númenor this is a song, whereas elsewhere it is just loud noise. → locative
Sometimes the line between cases is not sharp, and more than one “case” might work.
There are a number of examples where Tolkien uses Genitive case as the more general sense of “of” -- “associated with.”
Possessive case (“of”, belonging to)
The boundary between Possessive and Genitive is not always clear. Probably Possessive has the more limited meaning (“belonging to”), and Genitive is used for most other situations.
Locative case (“in”, “on”)
Ablative case (“from”, “out of”)
Allative case (“to”, “into”, “toward”)
Also used idiomatically for “upon” the waves
Instrumental case (“because of”, “using”; indicates the reason or agent which causes)
These (plus nominative, accusative, and genitive discussed earlier) are all the cases Quenya has. There are no more lurking in the wings.
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Sometimes the Quenya cases make distinctions that are blurred in English.
“the books of Dickens” that he wrote → origin, genitive
“the books of Dickens” sitting on his bookshelf → possessive
“Manwë's orders” (given by him) → origin, genitive
“Eonwë's orders” (given to him) → possessive
“a song from Alqualondë" → origin, genitive
"We sailed from Alqualondë" → travel from, ablative
"This is a song in Númenor."
if you mean:
This is a song from Númenor. → origin, genitive
The song is physically located in Númenor. → locative
In Númenor this is a song, whereas elsewhere it is just loud noise. → locative
Sometimes the line between cases is not sharp, and more than one “case” might work.
"I
hit it with
a hammer." → instrumental
"That dent was made by a hit from a hammer" → That could be genitive (originating from a hammer) or instrumental (caused by a hammer).
“Refugees from Númenor” could be either genitive (originating from) or ablative (traveled from).
Just like in English, sometimes there is more than one “correct” way to express an idea.
GENITIVE case (“of”, sometimes “from”; indicates origin)
singular: replace -a with -o; otherwise add -o (even to other vowel endings)
plural: add -on to the ordinary accusative plural (-ron after vowel except -ë ; -ron after -ië ; -ion replaces -ë ; -ion after consonant)
POSSESSIVE case (“of”, belonging to)
singular: add -va after a vowel; add -wa after a consonant
plural: replace -ë with -iva; otherwise add -iva
LOCATIVE case (“in”, “on”)
singular: add -ssë after vowels; add -essë after consonants, (except -l and -n, for which add -dë)
plural: add -ssen after vowels; add -issen after consonants (presumably -den after -l and -n)
ABLATIVE case (“from”, “out of”)
singular: add -llo after vowels; add -ello after consonants
plural: add –llon or -llor after vowels; add -illon or -illor after consonants
Either ending is acceptable.
ALLATIVE case (“to”, “into”, “toward”)
singular: add -nna after vowels; add -enna after consonants
plural: add -nnar after vowels; add -innar after consonants
INSTRUMENTAL case (“because of”, “using”; indicates the reason or agent which causes)
singular: add -nen after vowels; add -enen after consonants
plural: replace -ë with -inen; otherwise add -inen
Which noun in the sentence takes the case? The one that forms a phrase with the preposition. In English, that is the noun that follows the preposition.
Alqualondessë in Alqualondë
Manweo of Manwë
Ael call that an “adjectival noun.” Lihan call it “object of the preposition.”
"That dent was made by a hit from a hammer" → That could be genitive (originating from a hammer) or instrumental (caused by a hammer).
“Refugees from Númenor” could be either genitive (originating from) or ablative (traveled from).
Just like in English, sometimes there is more than one “correct” way to express an idea.
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Forming the Case Endings
(I see a number of examples where case endings change the stress patterns – that is, the long vowels – in words. I don't know the pattern for doing that, so I expect the directions and examples I give here are inconsistent.)GENITIVE case (“of”, sometimes “from”; indicates origin)
singular: replace -a with -o; otherwise add -o (even to other vowel endings)
plural: add -on to the ordinary accusative plural (-ron after vowel except -ë ; -ron after -ië ; -ion replaces -ë ; -ion after consonant)
POSSESSIVE case (“of”, belonging to)
singular: add -va after a vowel; add -wa after a consonant
plural: replace -ë with -iva; otherwise add -iva
LOCATIVE case (“in”, “on”)
singular: add -ssë after vowels; add -essë after consonants, (except -l and -n, for which add -dë)
plural: add -ssen after vowels; add -issen after consonants (presumably -den after -l and -n)
ABLATIVE case (“from”, “out of”)
singular: add -llo after vowels; add -ello after consonants
plural: add –llon or -llor after vowels; add -illon or -illor after consonants
Either ending is acceptable.
ALLATIVE case (“to”, “into”, “toward”)
singular: add -nna after vowels; add -enna after consonants
plural: add -nnar after vowels; add -innar after consonants
INSTRUMENTAL case (“because of”, “using”; indicates the reason or agent which causes)
singular: add -nen after vowels; add -enen after consonants
plural: replace -ë with -inen; otherwise add -inen
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Which noun in the sentence takes the case? The one that forms a phrase with the preposition. In English, that is the noun that follows the preposition.
Alqualondessë in Alqualondë
Manweo of Manwë
Ael call that an “adjectival noun.” Lihan call it “object of the preposition.”
When a noun with a case is describing something, it comes after whatever it is describing.
(This is different from a possessive in English - "Lihan's blog".)
Manwë's orders (coming from Manwë) canwar Manweo (genitive)
Eönwe's orders (issued to Eönwë) canwar Eönweva (possessive)
“I am Halla from Alqualondë.” Nán Halla Alqualondeo.
Halla lelya Alqualondello Taniquetilenna. (travel: lelya-)
“Ai! laurië lantar lassi súrinen!” “Ah! like gold fall the leaves on the wind!
súrë
(wind)
→
súrinen
(because
of wind)
(Galadriel's
Song, Fellowship
of the Ring)
Extra
Material for the Geeks:
Why
súrinen rather than súrenen? Súrinen could be
plural (“because of winds”), or it could reflect a “noun stem,”
which we will get to in a later lesson.
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Because
Quenya uses case endings so much, word order (which is very important
in English) is less important in Quenya.
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Examples
parma (book)
singular plural
genitive parmo parmaron
originating from a book
possessive parmava parmaiva
belonging to a book
locative parmassë parmassen
in a book, on a book
ablative
parmallo parmallon,
parmallor out of a book
allative parmanna parmannar
toward a book, into a book
instrumental parmanen parmainen
because of a book, using a book
lassë (leaf)
singular plural
genitive lassëo lassion
originating from a leaf
possessive lasseva lassiva
belonging to a leaf
locative lassessë lassessen
on a leaf
ablative
lassello lassellon,
lassellor away from a
leaf
allative lassenna lassennar
toward a leaf
instrumental lassenen lassinen
because of a leaf, using a leaf
Atan (Human)
singular plural
genitive Atano Atanion
originating from a Human
possessive Atanwa Ataniva
belonging to a Human
locative Atandë Atanden
in a Human, on a Human
ablative
Atanello Atanillon,
Atanillor away from a
Human
allative Atanenna Ataninnar
toward a Human
instrumental Atanenen Ataninen
because of a Human
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Extra
Material for the Geeks:
The
city of Rómenna (on the eastern coast of Númenor) comes from
“Rómen” (east) and “-nna” (allative -
“toward”) -- the City Toward the East. (Yes, the correct
grammar would be “Rómenenna”, but this is a city name, and it
seems to have been shortened into something more pronounceable.)
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Practice - Your Turn
Highlight the shaded boxes to see the answers.belonging to Alqualondë Alqualondeva
originating from Alqualondë Alqualondëo
in Alqualondë, at Alqualondë Alqualondessë
toward Alqualondë Alqualondenna
away from Alqualondë Alqualondello
caused by Alqualondë Alqualondenen
belonging to Númenor Númenorwa
originating from Númenor Númenoro
in Númenor, at Númenor Númenoressë
toward Númenor Númenorenna
away from Númenor Númenorello
caused by Númenor Númenorenen
belonging to Rómenna Rómennava
originating from Rómenna Rómenno
in Rómenna, at Rómenna Rómennassë
toward Rómenna Rómennanna
away from Rómenna Rómennallo
caused by Rómenna Rómennanen
cirya (ship)
belonging to ships ciryaiva
originating from ships ciryaron
on ships ciryassen
toward ships ciryannar
away from ships ciryallon or ciryallor
caused by ships ciryainen
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Congratulations! If you have made it this far, you have survived the most difficult lessons – Cases. If you have made it this far, you will do fine on the rest of the course.
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